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MITRE ATT&CK - Technique NTFS File Attributes
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MITRE ATT&CK
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NTFS File Attributes
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Hide Artifacts:  NTFS File Attributes

ID Name
.001 Hidden Files and Directories
.002 Hidden Users
.003 Hidden Window
.004 NTFS File Attributes
.005 Hidden File System
.006 Run Virtual Instance
.007 VBA Stomping
.008 Email Hiding Rules
.009 Resource Forking
.010 Process Argument Spoofing
.011 Ignore Process Interrupts
.012 File/Path Exclusions
.013 Bind Mounts
.014 Extended Attributes

Adversaries may use NTFS file attributes to hide their malicious data in order to evade detection. Every New Technology File System (NTFS) formatted partition contains a Master File Table (MFT) that maintains a record for every file/directory on the partition. (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017) Within MFT entries are file attributes, (Citation: Microsoft NTFS File Attributes Aug 2010) such as Extended Attributes (EA) and Data [known as Alternate Data Streams (ADSs) when more than one Data attribute is present], that can be used to store arbitrary data (and even complete files). (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017) (Citation: Microsoft File Streams) (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015) (Citation: Microsoft ADS Mar 2014) Adversaries may store malicious data or binaries in file attribute metadata instead of directly in files. This may be done to evade some defenses, such as static indicator scanning tools and anti-virus. (Citation: Journey into IR ZeroAccess NTFS EA) (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015)

ID: T1564.004
Sub-technique of:  T1564
Tactic(s): Defense Evasion
Platforms: Windows
Data Sources: Command: Command Execution, File: File Metadata, File: File Modification, Process: OS API Execution, Process: Process Creation
Version: 1.2
Created: 13 Mar 2020
Last Modified: 15 Apr 2025

Procedure Examples
Name Description
PowerDuke

PowerDuke hides many of its backdoor payloads in an alternate data stream (ADS).(Citation: Volexity PowerDuke November 2016)
POWERSOURCE

If the victim is using PowerShell 3.0 or later, POWERSOURCE writes its decoded payload to an alternate data stream (ADS) named kernel32.dll that is saved in %PROGRAMDATA%\Windows\.(Citation: Cisco DNSMessenger March 2017)
WastedLocker

WastedLocker has the ability to save and execute files as an alternate data stream (ADS).(Citation: Sentinel Labs WastedLocker July 2020)
Regin

The Regin malware platform uses Extended Attributes to store encrypted executables.(Citation: Kaspersky Regin)
Zeroaccess

Some variants of the Zeroaccess Trojan have been known to store data in Extended Attributes.(Citation: Ciubotariu 2014)
Anchor

Anchor has used NTFS to hide files.(Citation: Cyberreason Anchor December 2019)
Gazer

Gazer stores configuration items in alternate data streams (ADSs) if the Registry is not accessible.(Citation: ESET Gazer Aug 2017)
Latrodectus

Latrodectus can delete itself while its process is still running through the use of an alternate data stream.(Citation: Elastic Latrodectus May 2024)
Valak

Valak has the ability save and execute files as alternate data streams (ADS).(Citation: Cybereason Valak May 2020)(Citation: Unit 42 Valak July 2020)(Citation: SentinelOne Valak June 2020)
LoJax

LoJax has loaded an embedded NTFS DXE driver to be able to access and write to NTFS partitions.(Citation: ESET LoJax Sept 2018)
esentutl

esentutl can be used to read and write alternate data streams.(Citation: LOLBAS Esentutl)
DEADEYE

The DEADEYE.EMBED variant of DEADEYE can embed its payload in an alternate data stream of a local file.(Citation: Mandiant APT41)
Expand

Expand can be used to download or copy a file into an alternate data stream.(Citation: LOLBAS Expand)
Astaroth

Astaroth can abuse alternate data streams (ADS) to store content for malicious payloads.(Citation: Securelist Brazilian Banking Malware July 2020)
BitPaymer

BitPaymer has copied itself to the :bin alternate data stream of a newly created file.(Citation: Crowdstrike Indrik November 2018)
APT32

APT32 used NTFS alternate data streams to hide their payloads.(Citation: Cybereason Cobalt Kitty 2017)

Mitigations
Mitigation Description
Restrict File and Directory Permissions

Restricting file and directory permissions involves setting access controls at the file system level to limit which users, groups, or processes can read, write, or execute files. By configuring permissions appropriately, organizations can reduce the attack surface for adversaries seeking to access sensitive data, plant malicious code, or tamper with system files. Enforce Least Privilege Permissions: - Remove unnecessary write permissions on sensitive files and directories. - Use file ownership and groups to control access for specific roles. Example (Windows): Right-click the shared folder → Properties → Security tab → Adjust permissions for NTFS ACLs. Harden File Shares: - Disable anonymous access to shared folders. - Enforce NTFS permissions for shared folders on Windows. Example: Set permissions to restrict write access to critical files, such as system executables (e.g., `/bin` or `/sbin` on Linux). Use tools like `chown` and `chmod` to assign file ownership and limit access. On Linux, apply: `chmod 750 /etc/sensitive.conf` `chown root:admin /etc/sensitive.conf` File Integrity Monitoring (FIM): - Use tools like Tripwire, Wazuh, or OSSEC to monitor changes to critical file permissions. Audit File System Access: - Enable auditing to track permission changes or unauthorized access attempts. - Use auditd (Linux) or Event Viewer (Windows) to log activities. Restrict Startup Directories: - Configure permissions to prevent unauthorized writes to directories like `C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu`. Example: Restrict write access to critical directories like `/etc/`, `/usr/local/`, and Windows directories such as `C:\Windows\System32`. - On Windows, use icacls to modify permissions: `icacls "C:\Windows\System32" /inheritance:r /grant:r SYSTEM:(OI)(CI)F` - On Linux, monitor permissions using tools like `lsattr` or `auditd`.

Detection

Forensic techniques exist to identify information stored in NTFS EA. (Citation: Journey into IR ZeroAccess NTFS EA) Monitor calls to the ZwSetEaFile and ZwQueryEaFile Windows API functions as well as binaries used to interact with EA, (Citation: Oddvar Moe ADS1 Jan 2018) (Citation: Oddvar Moe ADS2 Apr 2018) and consider regularly scanning for the presence of modified information. (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017) There are many ways to create and interact with ADSs using Windows utilities. Monitor for operations (execution, copies, etc.) with file names that contain colons. This syntax (ex: file.ext:ads[.ext]) is commonly associated with ADSs. (Citation: Microsoft ADS Mar 2014) (Citation: Oddvar Moe ADS1 Jan 2018) (Citation: Oddvar Moe ADS2 Apr 2018) For a more exhaustive list of utilities that can be used to execute and create ADSs, see https://gist.github.com/api0cradle/cdd2d0d0ec9abb686f0e89306e277b8f. The Streams tool of Sysinternals can be used to uncover files with ADSs. The dir /r command can also be used to display ADSs. (Citation: Symantec ADS May 2009) Many PowerShell commands (such as Get-Item, Set-Item, Remove-Item, and Get-ChildItem) can also accept a -stream parameter to interact with ADSs. (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015) (Citation: Microsoft ADS Mar 2014)

References

  1. Frankoff, S., Hartley, B. (2018, November 14). Big Game Hunting: The Evolution of INDRIK SPIDER From Dridex Wire Fraud to BitPaymer Targeted Ransomware. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
  2. ESET. (2017, August). Gazing at Gazer: Turla’s new second stage backdoor. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  3. Walter, J.. (2020, July 23). WastedLocker Ransomware: Abusing ADS and NTFS File Attributes. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
  4. Pravs. (2009, May 25). What you need to know about alternate data streams in windows? Is your Data secure? Can you restore that?. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  5. Ciubotariu, M. (2014, January 23). Trojan.Zeroaccess.C Hidden in NTFS EA. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  6. Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2014, November 24). THE REGIN PLATFORM NATION-STATE OWNAGE OF GSM NETWORKS. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  7. Brumaghin, E. and Grady, C.. (2017, March 2). Covert Channels and Poor Decisions: The Tale of DNSMessenger. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  8. Moe, O. (2018, January 14). Putting Data in Alternate Data Streams and How to Execute It. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
  9. Duncan, B. (2020, July 24). Evolution of Valak, from Its Beginnings to Mass Distribution. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  10. Sander, J. (2017, October 12). Attack Step 3: Persistence with NTFS Extended Attributes – File System Attacks. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  11. Adair, S.. (2016, November 9). PowerDuke: Widespread Post-Election Spear Phishing Campaigns Targeting Think Tanks and NGOs. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
  12. Moe, O. (2018, April 11). Putting Data in Alternate Data Streams and How to Execute It - Part 2. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
  13. Arntz, P. (2015, July 22). Introduction to Alternate Data Streams. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  14. Stepanic, D. and Bousseaden, S. (2024, May 15). Spring Cleaning with LATRODECTUS: A Potential Replacement for ICEDID. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
  15. ESET. (2018, September). LOJAX First UEFI rootkit found in the wild, courtesy of the Sednit group. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
  16. Dahan, A. et al. (2019, December 11). DROPPING ANCHOR: FROM A TRICKBOT INFECTION TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE ANCHOR MALWARE. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  17. LOLBAS. (n.d.). Esentutl.exe. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  18. Dahan, A. (2017). Operation Cobalt Kitty. Retrieved December 27, 2018.
  19. Marlin, J. (2013, March 24). Alternate Data Streams in NTFS. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  20. GReAT. (2020, July 14). The Tetrade: Brazilian banking malware goes global. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  21. Salem, E. et al. (2020, May 28). VALAK: MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE . Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  22. Harrell, C. (2012, December 11). Extracting ZeroAccess from NTFS Extended Attributes. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
  23. LOLBAS. (n.d.). Expand.exe. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
  24. Microsoft. (n.d.). File Streams. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
  25. Hughes, J. (2010, August 25). NTFS File Attributes. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  26. Atkinson, J. (2017, July 18). Host-based Threat Modeling & Indicator Design. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  27. Rufus Brown, Van Ta, Douglas Bienstock, Geoff Ackerman, John Wolfram. (2022, March 8). Does This Look Infected? A Summary of APT41 Targeting U.S. State Governments. Retrieved July 8, 2022.
  28. Reaves, J. and Platt, J. (2020, June). Valak Malware and the Connection to Gozi Loader ConfCrew. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
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