Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets: Ccache Files
Other sub-techniques of Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets (5)
Adversaries may attempt to steal Kerberos tickets stored in credential cache files (or ccache). These files are used for short term storage of a user's active session credentials. The ccache file is created upon user authentication and allows for access to multiple services without the user having to re-enter credentials.
The /etc/krb5.conf configuration file and the KRB5CCNAME environment variable are used to set the storage location for ccache entries. On Linux, credentials are typically stored in the `/tmp` directory with a naming format of `krb5cc_%UID%` or `krb5.ccache`. On macOS, ccache entries are stored by default in memory with an `API:{uuid}` naming scheme. Typically, users interact with ticket storage using kinit, which obtains a Ticket-Granting-Ticket (TGT) for the principal; klist, which lists obtained tickets currently held in the credentials cache; and other built-in binaries.(Citation: Kerberos GNU/Linux)(Citation: Binary Defense Kerberos Linux)
Adversaries can collect tickets from ccache files stored on disk and authenticate as the current user without their password to perform Pass the Ticket attacks. Adversaries can also use these tickets to impersonate legitimate users with elevated privileges to perform Privilege Escalation. Tools like Kekeo can also be used by adversaries to convert ccache files to Windows format for further Lateral Movement. On macOS, adversaries may use open-source tools or the Kerberos framework to interact with ccache files and extract TGTs or Service Tickets via lower-level APIs.(Citation: SpectorOps Bifrost Kerberos macOS 2019)(Citation: Linux Kerberos Tickets)(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix)(Citation: Kekeo)
Примеры процедур |
|
| Название | Описание |
|---|---|
| Impacket |
Impacket tools – such as |
Контрмеры |
|
| Контрмера | Описание |
|---|---|
| Audit |
Perform audits or scans of systems, permissions, insecure software, insecure configurations, etc. to identify potential weaknesses. |
| Credential Access Protection |
Use capabilities to prevent successful credential access by adversaries; including blocking forms of credential dumping. |
Ссылки
- Trevor Haskell. (2020, April 1). Kerberos Tickets on Linux Red Teams. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- Tim Wadhwa-Brown. (2018, November). Where 2 worlds collide Bringing Mimikatz et al to UNIX. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
- Cody Thomas. (2019, November 14). When Kirbi walks the Bifrost. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
- Benjamin Delpy. (n.d.). Kekeo. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- Adepts of 0xCC. (2021, January 28). The Kerberos Credential Thievery Compendium (GNU/Linux). Retrieved September 17, 2024.
- ARC Labs, Dwyer, John. Gonzalez, Eric. Hudak, Tyler. (2024, October 1). Shining a Light in the Dark – How Binary Defense Uncovered an APT Lurking in Shadows of IT. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
- Boal, Calum. (2020, January 28). Abusing Kerberos From Linux - An Overview of Available Tools. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
- Wadhwa-Brown, Tim. (2022). audit.rules. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
Связанные риски
Каталоги
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