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MITRE ATT&CK - Technique Exploitation for Privilege Escalation
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Exploitation for Privilege Escalation

Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in an attempt to elevate privileges. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. Security constructs such as permission levels will often hinder access to information and use of certain techniques, so adversaries will likely need to perform privilege escalation to include use of software exploitation to circumvent those restrictions. When initially gaining access to a system, an adversary may be operating within a lower privileged process which will prevent them from accessing certain resources on the system. Vulnerabilities may exist, usually in operating system components and software commonly running at higher permissions, that can be exploited to gain higher levels of access on the system. This could enable someone to move from unprivileged or user level permissions to SYSTEM or root permissions depending on the component that is vulnerable. This could also enable an adversary to move from a virtualized environment, such as within a virtual machine or container, onto the underlying host. This may be a necessary step for an adversary compromising an endpoint system that has been properly configured and limits other privilege escalation methods. Adversaries may bring a signed vulnerable driver onto a compromised machine so that they can exploit the vulnerability to execute code in kernel mode. This process is sometimes referred to as Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver (BYOVD).(Citation: ESET InvisiMole June 2020)(Citation: Unit42 AcidBox June 2020) Adversaries may include the vulnerable driver with files delivered during Initial Access or download it to a compromised system via Ingress Tool Transfer or Lateral Tool Transfer.

ID: T1068
Tactic(s): Privilege Escalation
Platforms: Containers, Linux, macOS, Windows
Permissions Required: User
Data Sources: Driver: Driver Load, Process: Process Creation
Version: 1.4
Created: 31 May 2017
Last Modified: 16 Jun 2022

Procedure Examples
Name Description
Threat Group-3390

Threat Group-3390 has used CVE-2014-6324 and CVE-2017-0213 to escalate privileges.(Citation: SecureWorks BRONZE UNION June 2017)(Citation: Profero APT27 December 2020)
Remsec

Remsec has a plugin to drop and execute vulnerable Outpost Sandbox or avast! Virtualization drivers in order to gain kernel mode privileges.(Citation: Kaspersky ProjectSauron Technical Analysis)
PoshC2

PoshC2 contains modules for local privilege escalation exploits such as CVE-2016-9192 and CVE-2016-0099.(Citation: GitHub PoshC2)
APT29

APT29 has exploited CVE-2021-36934 to escalate privileges on a compromised host.(Citation: ESET T3 Threat Report 2021)
Turla

Turla has exploited vulnerabilities in the VBoxDrv.sys driver to obtain kernel mode privileges.(Citation: Unit42 AcidBox June 2020)
PLATINUM

PLATINUM has leveraged a zero-day vulnerability to escalate privileges.(Citation: Microsoft PLATINUM April 2016)
Cobalt Strike

Cobalt Strike can exploit vulnerabilities such as MS14-058.(Citation: Cobalt Strike TTPs Dec 2017)(Citation: Cobalt Strike Manual 4.3 November 2020)
Empire

Empire can exploit vulnerabilities such as MS16-032 and MS16-135.(Citation: Github PowerShell Empire)
FIN8

FIN8 has exploited the CVE-2016-0167 local vulnerability.(Citation: FireEye Fin8 May 2016)(Citation: FireEye Know Your Enemy FIN8 Aug 2016)
Cobalt Group

Cobalt Group has used exploits to increase their levels of rights and privileges.(Citation: Group IB Cobalt Aug 2017)
Pandora

Pandora can use CVE-2017-15303 to bypass Windows Driver Signature Enforcement (DSE) protection and load its driver.(Citation: Trend Micro Iron Tiger April 2021)
Carberp

Carberp has exploited multiple Windows vulnerabilities (CVE-2010-2743, CVE-2010-3338, CVE-2010-4398, CVE-2008-1084) and a .NET Runtime Optimization vulnerability for privilege escalation.(Citation: ESET Carberp March 2012)(Citation: Prevx Carberp March 2011)
CosmicDuke

CosmicDuke attempts to exploit privilege escalation vulnerabilities CVE-2010-0232 or CVE-2010-4398.(Citation: F-Secure The Dukes)
InvisiMole

InvisiMole has exploited CVE-2007-5633 vulnerability in the speedfan.sys driver to obtain kernel mode privileges.(Citation: ESET InvisiMole June 2020)
FIN6

FIN6 has used tools to exploit Windows vulnerabilities in order to escalate privileges. The tools targeted CVE-2013-3660, CVE-2011-2005, and CVE-2010-4398, all of which could allow local users to access kernel-level privileges.(Citation: FireEye FIN6 April 2016)
Whitefly

Whitefly has used an open-source tool to exploit a known Windows privilege escalation vulnerability (CVE-2016-0051) on unpatched computers.(Citation: Symantec Whitefly March 2019)

BITTER

BITTER has exploited CVE-2021-1732 for privilege escalation.(Citation: DBAPPSecurity BITTER zero-day Feb 2021)(Citation: Microsoft CVE-2021-1732 Feb 2021)
JHUHUGIT

JHUHUGIT has exploited CVE-2015-1701 and CVE-2015-2387 to escalate privileges.(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 1)(Citation: ESET Sednit July 2015)
Stuxnet

Stuxnet used MS10-073 and an undisclosed Task Scheduler vulnerability to escalate privileges on local Windows machines.(Citation: Symantec W.32 Stuxnet Dossier)
LAPSUS$

LAPSUS$ has exploited unpatched vulnerabilities on internally accessible servers including JIRA, GitLab, and Confluence for privilege escalation.(Citation: MSTIC DEV-0537 Mar 2022)
Siloscape

Siloscape has leveraged a vulnerability in Windows containers to perform an Escape to Host.(Citation: Unit 42 Siloscape Jun 2021)
XCSSET

XCSSET has used a zero-day exploit in the ssh launchdaemon to elevate privileges and bypass SIP.(Citation: trendmicro xcsset xcode project 2020)
Cobalt Strike

Cobalt Strike can exploit vulnerabilities such as MS14-058.(Citation: Cobalt Strike TTPs Dec 2017)
Zox

Zox has the ability to leverage local and remote exploits to escalate privileges.(Citation: Novetta-Axiom)
APT28

APT28 has exploited CVE-2014-4076, CVE-2015-2387, CVE-2015-1701, CVE-2017-0263 to escalate privileges.(Citation: Bitdefender APT28 Dec 2015)(Citation: Microsoft SIR Vol 19)(Citation: Securelist Sofacy Feb 2018)
ZIRCONIUM

ZIRCONIUM has exploited CVE-2017-0005 for local privilege escalation.(Citation: Check Point APT31 February 2021)
Tonto Team

Tonto Team has exploited CVE-2019-0803 and MS16-032 to escalate privileges.(Citation: TrendMicro Tonto Team October 2020)
ProLock

ProLock can use CVE-2019-0859 to escalate privileges on a compromised host.(Citation: Group IB Ransomware September 2020)
Wingbird

Wingbird exploits CVE-2016-4117 to allow an executable to gain escalated privileges.(Citation: Microsoft SIR Vol 21)
APT32

APT32 has used CVE-2016-7255 to escalate privileges.(Citation: FireEye APT32 May 2017)
APT33

APT33 has used a publicly available exploit for CVE-2017-0213 to escalate privileges on a local system.(Citation: FireEye APT33 Guardrail)
Hildegard

Hildegard has used the BOtB tool which exploits CVE-2019-5736.(Citation: Unit 42 Hildegard Malware)

Mitigations
Mitigation Description
Update Software

Perform regular software updates to mitigate exploitation risk.
Exploit Protection

Use capabilities to detect and block conditions that may lead to or be indicative of a software exploit occurring.
Application Isolation and Sandboxing

Restrict execution of code to a virtual environment on or in transit to an endpoint system.
Threat Intelligence Program

A threat intelligence program helps an organization generate their own threat intelligence information and track trends to inform defensive priorities to mitigate risk.
Exploitation for Privilege Escalation Mitigation

Update software regularly by employing patch management for internal enterprise endpoints and servers. Develop a robust cyber threat intelligence capability to determine what types and levels of threat may use software exploits and 0-days against a particular organization. Make it difficult for adversaries to advance their operation through exploitation of undiscovered or unpatched vulnerabilities by using sandboxing, if available. Other types of virtualization and application microsegmentation may also mitigate the impact of some types of client-side exploitation. The risks of additional exploits and weaknesses in implementation may still exist. (Citation: Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape) Security applications that look for behavior used during exploitation such as Windows Defender Exploit Guard (WDEG) and the Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET) can be used to mitigate some exploitation behavior. (Citation: TechNet Moving Beyond EMET) Control flow integrity checking is another way to potentially identify and stop a software exploit from occurring. (Citation: Wikipedia Control Flow Integrity) Many of these protections depend on the architecture and target application binary for compatibility and may not work for software components targeted for privilege escalation.
Execution Prevention

Block execution of code on a system through application control, and/or script blocking.

Detection

Detecting software exploitation may be difficult depending on the tools available. Software exploits may not always succeed or may cause the exploited process to become unstable or crash. Also look for behavior on the endpoint system that might indicate successful compromise, such as abnormal behavior of the processes. This could include suspicious files written to disk, evidence of Process Injection for attempts to hide execution or evidence of Discovery. Consider monitoring for the presence or loading (ex: Sysmon Event ID 6) of known vulnerable drivers that adversaries may drop and exploit to execute code in kernel mode.(Citation: Microsoft Driver Block Rules) Higher privileges are often necessary to perform additional actions such as some methods of OS Credential Dumping. Look for additional activity that may indicate an adversary has gained higher privileges.

References

  1. Cobalt Strike. (2017, December 8). Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
  2. Reichel, D. and Idrizovic, E. (2020, June 17). AcidBox: Rare Malware Repurposing Turla Group Exploit Targeted Russian Organizations. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  3. Microsoft. (2020, October 15). Microsoft recommended driver block rules. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
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  13. Giuliani, M., Allievi, A. (2011, February 28). Carberp - a modular information stealing trojan. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
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  15. Mac Threat Response, Mobile Research Team. (2020, August 13). The XCSSET Malware: Inserts Malicious Code Into Xcode Projects, Performs UXSS Backdoor Planting in Safari, and Leverages Two Zero-day Exploits. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
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  19. Group IB. (2020, September). LOCK LIKE A PRO. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  20. Nettitude. (2018, July 23). Python Server for PoshC2. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
  21. Schroeder, W., Warner, J., Nelson, M. (n.d.). Github PowerShellEmpire. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  22. Chen, J. et al. (2021, February 3). Hildegard: New TeamTNT Cryptojacking Malware Targeting Kubernetes. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  23. Global Threat Center, Intelligence Team. (2020, December). APT27 Turns to Ransomware. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
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