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Data Encoding:  Нестандартное кодирование

ID Название
.001 Стандартное кодирование
.002 Нестандартное кодирование

Adversaries may encode data with a non-standard data encoding system to make the content of command and control traffic more difficult to detect. Command and control (C2) information can be encoded using a non-standard data encoding system that diverges from existing protocol specifications. Non-standard data encoding schemes may be based on or related to standard data encoding schemes, such as a modified Base64 encoding for the message body of an HTTP request.(Citation: Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding) (Citation: Wikipedia Character Encoding)

ID: T1132.002
Относится к технике:  T1132
Тактика(-и): Command and Control
Платформы: Linux, macOS, Windows
Требуемые разрешения: User
Источники данных: Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content
Версия: 1.0
Дата создания: 14 Mar 2020
Последнее изменение: 14 Mar 2020

Примеры процедур
Название Описание
OceanSalt

OceanSalt can encode data with a NOT operation before sending the data to the control server.(Citation: McAfee Oceansalt Oct 2018)
Small Sieve

Small Sieve can use a custom hex byte swapping encoding scheme to obfuscate tasking traffic.(Citation: DHS CISA AA22-055A MuddyWater February 2022)(Citation: NCSC GCHQ Small Sieve Jan 2022)
NightClub

NightClub has used a non-standard encoding in DNS tunneling removing any `=` from the result of base64 encoding, and replacing `/` characters with `-s` and `+` characters with `-p`.(Citation: MoustachedBouncer ESET August 2023)
RDAT

RDAT can communicate with the C2 via subdomains that utilize base64 with character substitutions.(Citation: Unit42 RDAT July 2020)

InvisiMole

InvisiMole can use a modified base32 encoding to encode data within the subdomain of C2 requests.(Citation: ESET InvisiMole June 2020)
Uroburos

Uroburos can use a custom base62 and a de-facto base32 encoding that uses digits 0-9 and lowercase letters a-z in C2 communications.(Citation: Joint Cybersecurity Advisory AA23-129A Snake Malware May 2023)
BACKSPACE

Newer variants of BACKSPACE will encode C2 communications with a custom system.(Citation: FireEye APT30)
CHIMNEYSWEEP

CHIMNEYSWEEP can use a custom Base64 alphabet for encoding C2.(Citation: Mandiant ROADSWEEP August 2022)
Bankshot

Bankshot encodes commands from the control server using a range of characters and gzip.(Citation: McAfee Bankshot)
ShadowPad

ShadowPad has encoded data as readable Latin characters.(Citation: Securelist ShadowPad Aug 2017)
Cyclops Blink

Cyclops Blink can use a custom binary scheme to encode messages with specific commands and parameters to be executed.(Citation: NCSC Cyclops Blink February 2022)
Ninja

Ninja can encode C2 communications with a base64 algorithm using a custom alphabet.(Citation: Kaspersky ToddyCat June 2022)
PowGoop

PowGoop can use a modified Base64 encoding mechanism to send data to and from the C2 server.(Citation: CYBERCOM Iranian Intel Cyber January 2022)

Контрмеры
Контрмера Описание
Network Intrusion Prevention

Use intrusion detection signatures to block traffic at network boundaries.

Обнаружение

Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)

Ссылки

  1. Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  2. Wikipedia. (2017, February 19). Character Encoding. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
  3. Wikipedia. (2016, December 26). Binary-to-text encoding. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
  4. Sherstobitoff, R., Malhotra, A. (2018, October 18). ‘Operation Oceansalt’ Attacks South Korea, U.S., and Canada With Source Code From Chinese Hacker Group. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  5. NCSC GCHQ. (2022, January 27). Small Sieve Malware Analysis Report. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
  6. FBI, CISA, CNMF, NCSC-UK. (2022, February 24). Iranian Government-Sponsored Actors Conduct Cyber Operations Against Global Government and Commercial Networks. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
  7. Faou, M. (2023, August 10). MoustachedBouncer: Espionage against foreign diplomats in Belarus. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
  8. Falcone, R. (2020, July 22). OilRig Targets Middle Eastern Telecommunications Organization and Adds Novel C2 Channel with Steganography to Its Inventory. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
  9. Hromcova, Z. and Cherpanov, A. (2020, June). INVISIMOLE: THE HIDDEN PART OF THE STORY. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
  10. FBI et al. (2023, May 9). Hunting Russian Intelligence “Snake” Malware. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
  11. FireEye Labs. (2015, April). APT30 AND THE MECHANICS OF A LONG-RUNNING CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATION. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  12. Jenkins, L. at al. (2022, August 4). ROADSWEEP Ransomware - Likely Iranian Threat Actor Conducts Politically Motivated Disruptive Activity Against Albanian Government Organizations. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  13. Sherstobitoff, R. (2018, March 08). Hidden Cobra Targets Turkish Financial Sector With New Bankshot Implant. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
  14. GReAT. (2017, August 15). ShadowPad in corporate networks. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  15. NCSC. (2022, February 23). Cyclops Blink Malware Analysis Report. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
  16. Dedola, G. (2022, June 21). APT ToddyCat. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  17. Cyber National Mission Force. (2022, January 12). Iranian intel cyber suite of malware uses open source tools. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
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