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MITRE ATT&CK - Техника Прожарка Kerberos
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Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets:  Прожарка Kerberos

ID Название
.001 Золотой билет Kerberos
.002 Серебряный билет Kerberos
.003 Прожарка Kerberos
.004 Прожарка AS-REP
.005 Ccache Files

Adversaries may abuse a valid Kerberos ticket-granting ticket (TGT) or sniff network traffic to obtain a ticket-granting service (TGS) ticket that may be vulnerable to Brute Force.(Citation: Empire InvokeKerberoast Oct 2016)(Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015) Service principal names (SPNs) are used to uniquely identify each instance of a Windows service. To enable authentication, Kerberos requires that SPNs be associated with at least one service logon account (an account specifically tasked with running a service(Citation: Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018)).(Citation: Microsoft SPN)(Citation: Microsoft SetSPN)(Citation: SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014)(Citation: Harmj0y Kerberoast Nov 2016) Adversaries possessing a valid Kerberos ticket-granting ticket (TGT) may request one or more Kerberos ticket-granting service (TGS) service tickets for any SPN from a domain controller (DC).(Citation: Empire InvokeKerberoast Oct 2016)(Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015) Portions of these tickets may be encrypted with the RC4 algorithm, meaning the Kerberos 5 TGS-REP etype 23 hash of the service account associated with the SPN is used as the private key and is thus vulnerable to offline Brute Force attacks that may expose plaintext credentials.(Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)(Citation: Empire InvokeKerberoast Oct 2016) (Citation: Harmj0y Kerberoast Nov 2016) This same behavior could be executed using service tickets captured from network traffic.(Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015) Cracked hashes may enable Persistence, Privilege Escalation, and Lateral Movement via access to Valid Accounts.(Citation: SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014)

ID: T1558.003
Относится к технике:  T1558
Тактика(-и): Credential Access
Платформы: Windows
Источники данных: Active Directory: Active Directory Credential Request
Версия: 1.2
Дата создания: 11 Feb 2020
Последнее изменение: 23 Sep 2024

Примеры процедур
Название Описание
Rubeus

Rubeus can use the `KerberosRequestorSecurityToken.GetRequest` method to request kerberoastable service tickets.(Citation: GitHub Rubeus March 2023)
Operation Wocao

Operation Wocao has used PowerSploit's Invoke-Kerberoast module to request encrypted service tickets and bruteforce the passwords of Windows service accounts offline.(Citation: FoxIT Wocao December 2019)
Impacket

Impacket modules like GetUserSPNs can be used to get Service Principal Names (SPNs) for user accounts. The output is formatted to be compatible with cracking tools like John the Ripper and Hashcat.(Citation: Impacket Tools)
Empire

Empire uses PowerSploit's Invoke-Kerberoast to request service tickets and return crackable ticket hashes.(Citation: Github PowerShell Empire)
Wizard Spider

Wizard Spider has used Rubeus, MimiKatz Kerberos module, and the Invoke-Kerberoast cmdlet to steal AES hashes.(Citation: DFIR Ryuk's Return October 2020)(Citation: FireEye KEGTAP SINGLEMALT October 2020)(Citation: DHS/CISA Ransomware Targeting Healthcare October 2020)(Citation: DFIR Ryuk 2 Hour Speed Run November 2020)(Citation: Mandiant FIN12 Oct 2021)

During Operation Wocao, threat actors used PowerSploit's `Invoke-Kerberoast` module to request encrypted service tickets and bruteforce the passwords of Windows service accounts offline.(Citation: FoxIT Wocao December 2019)
SILENTTRINITY

SILENTTRINITY contains a module to conduct Kerberoasting.(Citation: GitHub SILENTTRINITY Modules July 2019)

During the SolarWinds Compromise, APT29 obtained Ticket Granting Service (TGS) tickets for Active Directory Service Principle Names to crack offline.(Citation: Microsoft Deep Dive Solorigate January 2021)
PowerSploit

PowerSploit's Invoke-Kerberoast module can request service tickets and return crackable ticket hashes.(Citation: PowerSploit Invoke Kerberoast)(Citation: Harmj0y Kerberoast Nov 2016)
FIN7

FIN7 has used Kerberoasting PowerShell commands such as, `Invoke-Kerberoast` for credential access and to enable lateral movement.(Citation: CrowdStrike Carbon Spider August 2021)(Citation: Mandiant FIN7 Apr 2022)
APT29

APT29 obtained Ticket Granting Service (TGS) tickets for Active Directory Service Principle Names to crack offline.(Citation: Microsoft Deep Dive Solorigate January 2021)
Indrik Spider

Indrik Spider has conducted Kerberoasting attacks using a module from GitHub.(Citation: Mandiant_UNC2165)
Brute Ratel C4

Brute Ratel C4 can decode Kerberos 5 tickets and convert it to hashcat format for subsequent cracking.(Citation: Palo Alto Brute Ratel July 2022)
UNC2452

UNC2452 obtained Ticket Granting Service (TGS) tickets for Active Directory Service Principle Names to crack offline.(Citation: Microsoft Deep Dive Solorigate January 2021)

Контрмеры
Контрмера Описание
Password Policies

Set and enforce secure password policies for accounts.
Encrypt Sensitive Information

Protect sensitive information with strong encryption.
Privileged Account Management

Manage the creation, modification, use, and permissions associated to privileged accounts, including SYSTEM and root.

Обнаружение

Enable Audit Kerberos Service Ticket Operations to log Kerberos TGS service ticket requests. Particularly investigate irregular patterns of activity (ex: accounts making numerous requests, Event ID 4769, within a small time frame, especially if they also request RC4 encryption [Type 0x17]).(Citation: Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018)(Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)

Ссылки

  1. Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China’s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  2. MSTIC, CDOC, 365 Defender Research Team. (2021, January 20). Deep dive into the Solorigate second-stage activation: From SUNBURST to TEARDROP and Raindrop . Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  3. Harmj0y. (n.d.). Rubeus. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
  4. Schroeder, W. (2016, November 1). Kerberoasting Without Mimikatz. Retrieved September 23, 2024.
  5. Microsoft. (n.d.). Service Principal Names. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  6. Microsoft. (2010, April 13). Service Principal Names (SPNs) SetSPN Syntax (Setspn.exe). Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  7. Metcalf, S. (2015, December 31). Cracking Kerberos TGS Tickets Using Kerberoast – Exploiting Kerberos to Compromise the Active Directory Domain. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  8. Medin, T. (2014, November). Attacking Kerberos - Kicking the Guard Dog of Hades. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  9. EmpireProject. (2016, October 31). Invoke-Kerberoast.ps1. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  10. Bani, M. (2018, February 23). Detecting Kerberoasting activity using Azure Security Center. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  11. SecureAuth. (n.d.). Retrieved January 15, 2019.
  12. Schroeder, W., Warner, J., Nelson, M. (n.d.). Github PowerShellEmpire. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  13. The DFIR Report. (2020, October 8). Ryuk’s Return. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  14. The DFIR Report. (2020, November 5). Ryuk Speed Run, 2 Hours to Ransom. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
  15. Shilko, J., et al. (2021, October 7). FIN12: The Prolific Ransomware Intrusion Threat Actor That Has Aggressively Pursued Healthcare Targets. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
  16. Kimberly Goody, Jeremy Kennelly, Joshua Shilko, Steve Elovitz, Douglas Bienstock. (2020, October 28). Unhappy Hour Special: KEGTAP and SINGLEMALT With a Ransomware Chaser. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  17. DHS/CISA. (2020, October 28). Ransomware Activity Targeting the Healthcare and Public Health Sector. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  18. Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China’s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  19. Salvati, M. (2019, August 6). SILENTTRINITY Modules. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  20. Schroeder, W. & Hart M. (2016, October 31). Invoke-Kerberoast. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  21. Loui, E. and Reynolds, J. (2021, August 30). CARBON SPIDER Embraces Big Game Hunting, Part 1. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  22. Abdo, B., et al. (2022, April 4). FIN7 Power Hour: Adversary Archaeology and the Evolution of FIN7. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  23. Mandiant Intelligence. (2022, June 2). To HADES and Back: UNC2165 Shifts to LOCKBIT to Evade Sanctions. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  24. Harbison, M. and Renals, P. (2022, July 5). When Pentest Tools Go Brutal: Red-Teaming Tool Being Abused by Malicious Actors. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
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