Unsecured Credentials: Закрытые ключи
Other sub-techniques of Unsecured Credentials (7)
Adversaries may search for private key certificate files on compromised systems for insecurely stored credentials. Private cryptographic keys and certificates are used for authentication, encryption/decryption, and digital signatures.(Citation: Wikipedia Public Key Crypto) Common key and certificate file extensions include: .key, .pgp, .gpg, .ppk., .p12, .pem, .pfx, .cer, .p7b, .asc.
Adversaries may also look in common key directories, such as ~/.ssh for SSH keys on * nix-based systems or C:\Users\(username)\.ssh\ on Windows. These private keys can be used to authenticate to Remote Services like SSH or for use in decrypting other collected files such as email.
Adversary tools have been discovered that search compromised systems for file extensions relating to cryptographic keys and certificates.(Citation: Kaspersky Careto)(Citation: Palo Alto Prince of Persia)
Some private keys require a password or passphrase for operation, so an adversary may also use Input Capture for keylogging or attempt to Brute Force the passphrase off-line.
Примеры процедур |
|
| Название | Описание |
|---|---|
| Machete |
Machete has scanned and looked for cryptographic keys and certificate file extensions.(Citation: ESET Machete July 2019) |
| Mimikatz |
Mimikatz's |
|
During Operation Wocao, threat actors used Mimikatz to dump certificates and private keys from the Windows certificate store.(Citation: FoxIT Wocao December 2019) |
|
| Kinsing |
Kinsing has searched for private keys.(Citation: Aqua Kinsing April 2020) |
| Hildegard |
Hildegard has searched for private keys in .ssh.(Citation: Unit 42 Hildegard Malware) |
| FoggyWeb |
FoggyWeb can retrieve token signing certificates and token decryption certificates from a compromised AD FS server.(Citation: MSTIC FoggyWeb September 2021) |
| TeamTNT |
TeamTNT has searched for unsecured SSH keys.(Citation: Cado Security TeamTNT Worm August 2020)(Citation: Trend Micro TeamTNT) |
| UNC2452 |
UNC2452 obtained the private encryption key from an Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) container to decrypt corresponding SAML signing certificates.(Citation: Microsoft 365 Defender Solorigate) |
| Operation Wocao |
Operation Wocao has used Mimikatz to dump certificates and private keys from the Windows certificate store.(Citation: FoxIT Wocao December 2019) |
| Empire |
Empire can use modules like |
| APT29 |
APT29 obtained PKI keys, certificate files and the private encryption key from an Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) container to decrypt corresponding SAML signing certificates.(Citation: Microsoft 365 Defender Solorigate)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory SVR TTP May 2021) |
| AADInternals |
AADInternals can gather encryption keys from Azure AD services such as ADSync and Active Directory Federated Services servers.(Citation: AADInternals Documentation) |
| Rocke |
Rocke has used SSH private keys on the infected machine to spread its coinminer throughout a network.(Citation: Anomali Rocke March 2019) |
| Ebury |
Ebury has intercepted unencrypted private keys as well as private key pass-phrases.(Citation: ESET Ebury Feb 2014) |
| jRAT |
jRAT can steal keys for VPNs and cryptocurrency wallets.(Citation: Kaspersky Adwind Feb 2016) |
Контрмеры |
|
| Контрмера | Описание |
|---|---|
| Password Policies |
Set and enforce secure password policies for accounts. |
| Restrict File and Directory Permissions |
Restrict access by setting directory and file permissions that are not specific to users or privileged accounts. |
| Private Keys Mitigation |
Use strong passphrases for private keys to make cracking difficult. When possible, store keys on separate cryptographic hardware instead of on the local system. Ensure only authorized keys are allowed access to critical resources and audit access lists regularly. Ensure permissions are properly set on folders containing sensitive private keys to prevent unintended access. Use separate infrastructure for managing critical systems to prevent overlap of credentials and permissions on systems that could be used as vectors for lateral movement. Follow other best practices for mitigating access through use of Valid Accounts. |
| Audit |
Perform audits or scans of systems, permissions, insecure software, insecure configurations, etc. to identify potential weaknesses. |
| Encrypt Sensitive Information |
Protect sensitive information with strong encryption. |
Обнаружение
Monitor access to files and directories related to cryptographic keys and certificates as a means for potentially detecting access patterns that may indicate collection and exfiltration activity. Collect authentication logs and look for potentially abnormal activity that may indicate improper use of keys or certificates for remote authentication.
Ссылки
- Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China’s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
- Bar, T., Conant, S., Efraim, L. (2016, June 28). Prince of Persia – Game Over. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
- Kaspersky Labs. (2014, February 11). Unveiling “Careto” - The Masked APT. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
- Wikipedia. (2017, June 29). Public-key cryptography. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
- Singer, G. (2020, April 3). Threat Alert: Kinsing Malware Attacks Targeting Container Environments. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
- Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China’s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
- M.Léveillé, M.. (2014, February 21). An In-depth Analysis of Linux/Ebury. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
- Schroeder, W., Warner, J., Nelson, M. (n.d.). Github PowerShellEmpire. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
- Metcalf, S. (2015, November 13). Unofficial Guide to Mimikatz & Command Reference. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
- NCSC, CISA, FBI, NSA. (2021, May 7). Further TTPs associated with SVR cyber actors. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
- Microsoft 365 Defender Team. (2020, December 28). Using Microsoft 365 Defender to protect against Solorigate. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ESET. (2019, July). MACHETE JUST GOT SHARPER Venezuelan government institutions under attack. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
- Kamluk, V. & Gostev, A. (2016, February). Adwind - A Cross-Platform RAT. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
- Anomali Labs. (2019, March 15). Rocke Evolves Its Arsenal With a New Malware Family Written in Golang. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
- Chen, J. et al. (2021, February 3). Hildegard: New TeamTNT Cryptojacking Malware Targeting Kubernetes. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
- Fiser, D. Oliveira, A. (n.d.). Tracking the Activities of TeamTNT A Closer Look at a Cloud-Focused Malicious Actor Group. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
- Cado Security. (2020, August 16). Team TNT – The First Crypto-Mining Worm to Steal AWS Credentials. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
- Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2018, October 25). AADInternals. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
- Ramin Nafisi. (2021, September 27). FoggyWeb: Targeted NOBELIUM malware leads to persistent backdoor. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
Связанные риски
Каталоги
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