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OS Credential Dumping

Sub-techniques (8)

ID	Name
.001	LSASS Memory
.002	Security Account Manager
.003	NTDS
.004	LSA Secrets
.005	Cached Domain Credentials
.006	DCSync
.007	Proc Filesystem
.008	/etc/passwd and /etc/shadow

Adversaries may attempt to dump credentials to obtain account login and credential material, normally in the form of a hash or a clear text password, from the operating system and software. Credentials can then be used to perform Lateral Movement and access restricted information. Several of the tools mentioned in associated sub-techniques may be used by both adversaries and professional security testers. Additional custom tools likely exist as well.

ID: T1003

Sub-techniques: .001 .002 .003 .004 .005 .006 .007 .008

Tactic(s): Credential Access

Platforms: Linux, macOS, Windows

Permissions Required: Administrator, root, SYSTEM

Data Sources: Active Directory: Active Directory Object Access, Command: Command Execution, File: File Access, Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content, Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow, Process: OS API Execution, Process: Process Access, Process: Process Creation, Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access

Version: 2.1

Created: 31 May 2017

Last Modified: 08 Mar 2022

Name	Description
Procedure Examples
APT39	APT39 has used different versions of Mimikatz to obtain credentials.(Citation: BitDefender Chafer May 2020)
Carbanak	Carbanak obtains Windows logon password details.(Citation: FireEye CARBANAK June 2017)
Revenge RAT	Revenge RAT has a plugin for credential harvesting.(Citation: Cylance Shaheen Nov 2018)
PinchDuke	PinchDuke steals credentials from compromised hosts. PinchDuke's credential stealing functionality is believed to be based on the source code of the Pinch credential stealing malware (also known as LdPinch). Credentials targeted by PinchDuke include ones associated many sources such as WinInet Credential Cache, and Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP).(Citation: F-Secure The Dukes)
Poseidon Group	Poseidon Group conducts credential dumping on victims, with a focus on obtaining credentials belonging to domain and database servers.(Citation: Kaspersky Poseidon Group)
OnionDuke	OnionDuke steals credentials from its victims.(Citation: F-Secure The Dukes)
Frankenstein	Frankenstein has harvested credentials from the victim's machine using Empire.(Citation: Talos Frankenstein June 2019)
Tonto Team	Tonto Team has used a variety of credential dumping tools.(Citation: TrendMicro Tonto Team October 2020)
APT32	APT32 used GetPassword_x64 to harvest credentials.(Citation: Cybereason Oceanlotus May 2017)(Citation: Cybereason Cobalt Kitty 2017)
HOMEFRY	HOMEFRY can perform credential dumping.(Citation: FireEye Periscope March 2018)
Suckfly	Suckfly used a signed credential-dumping tool to obtain victim account credentials.(Citation: Symantec Suckfly May 2016)
Trojan.Karagany	Trojan.Karagany can dump passwords and save them into `\ProgramData\Mail\MailAg\pwds.txt`.(Citation: Symantec Dragonfly)
APT28	APT28 regularly deploys both publicly available (ex: Mimikatz) and custom password retrieval tools on victims.(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 2)(Citation: DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018)(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018)
Sowbug	Sowbug has used credential dumping tools.(Citation: Symantec Sowbug Nov 2017)
Axiom	Axiom has been known to dump credentials.(Citation: Novetta-Axiom)
Leviathan	Leviathan has used publicly available tools to dump password hashes, including HOMEFRY.(Citation: FireEye APT40 March 2019)

Mitigation	Description
Mitigations
Encrypt Sensitive Information	Protect sensitive information with strong encryption.
Behavior Prevention on Endpoint	Use capabilities to prevent suspicious behavior patterns from occurring on endpoint systems. This could include suspicious process, file, API call, etc. behavior.
Password Policies	Set and enforce secure password policies for accounts.
User Training	Train users to be aware of access or manipulation attempts by an adversary to reduce the risk of successful spearphishing, social engineering, and other techniques that involve user interaction.
Privileged Account Management	Manage the creation, modification, use, and permissions associated to privileged accounts, including SYSTEM and root.
Privileged Process Integrity	Protect processes with high privileges that can be used to interact with critical system components through use of protected process light, anti-process injection defenses, or other process integrity enforcement measures.
Credential Access Protection	Use capabilities to prevent successful credential access by adversaries; including blocking forms of credential dumping.
Credential Dumping Mitigation	### Windows Monitor/harden access to LSASS and SAM table with tools that allow process whitelisting. Limit credential overlap across systems to prevent lateral movement opportunities using Valid Accounts if passwords and hashes are obtained. Ensure that local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords across all systems on the network. Do not put user or admin domain accounts in the local administrator groups across systems unless they are tightly controlled, as this is often equivalent to having a local administrator account with the same password on all systems. Follow best practices for design and administration of an enterprise network to limit privileged account use across administrative tiers. (Citation: Microsoft Securing Privileged Access) On Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, enable Protected Process Light for LSA. (Citation: Microsoft LSA) Identify and block potentially malicious software that may be used to dump credentials by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP) With Windows 10, Microsoft implemented new protections called Credential Guard to protect the LSA secrets that can be used to obtain credentials through forms of credential dumping. It is not configured by default and has hardware and firmware system requirements. (Citation: TechNet Credential Guard) It also does not protect against all forms of credential dumping. (Citation: GitHub SHB Credential Guard) Manage the access control list for “Replicating Directory Changes” and other permissions associated with domain controller replication. (Citation: AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015) (Citation: Microsoft Replication ACL) Consider disabling or restricting NTLM traffic. (Citation: Microsoft Disable NTLM Nov 2012) ### Linux Scraping the passwords from memory requires root privileges. Follow best practices in restricting access to escalated privileges to avoid hostile programs from accessing such sensitive regions of memory.
Active Directory Configuration	Configure Active Directory to prevent use of certain techniques; use SID Filtering, etc.
Operating System Configuration	Make configuration changes related to the operating system or a common feature of the operating system that result in system hardening against techniques.

Detection

### Windows Monitor for unexpected processes interacting with lsass.exe.(Citation: Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory) Common credential dumpers such as Mimikatz access the LSA Subsystem Service (LSASS) process by opening the process, locating the LSA secrets key, and decrypting the sections in memory where credential details are stored. Credential dumpers may also use methods for reflective Process Injection to reduce potential indicators of malicious activity. Hash dumpers open the Security Accounts Manager (SAM) on the local file system (%SystemRoot%/system32/config/SAM) or create a dump of the Registry SAM key to access stored account password hashes. Some hash dumpers will open the local file system as a device and parse to the SAM table to avoid file access defenses. Others will make an in-memory copy of the SAM table before reading hashes. Detection of compromised Valid Accounts in-use by adversaries may help as well. On Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, monitor Windows Logs for LSASS.exe creation to verify that LSASS started as a protected process. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for program execution that may be indicative of credential dumping. Remote access tools may contain built-in features or incorporate existing tools like Mimikatz. PowerShell scripts also exist that contain credential dumping functionality, such as PowerSploit's Invoke-Mimikatz module, (Citation: Powersploit) which may require additional logging features to be configured in the operating system to collect necessary information for analysis. Monitor domain controller logs for replication requests and other unscheduled activity possibly associated with DCSync. (Citation: Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft GetNCCChanges) (Citation: Samba DRSUAPI) Note: Domain controllers may not log replication requests originating from the default domain controller account. (Citation: Harmj0y DCSync Sept 2015). Also monitor for network protocols (Citation: Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft NRPC Dec 2017) and other replication requests (Citation: Microsoft SAMR) from IPs not associated with known domain controllers. (Citation: AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015) ### Linux To obtain the passwords and hashes stored in memory, processes must open a maps file in the /proc filesystem for the process being analyzed. This file is stored under the path /proc//maps, where the directory is the unique pid of the program being interrogated for such authentication data. The AuditD monitoring tool, which ships stock in many Linux distributions, can be used to watch for hostile processes opening this file in the proc file system, alerting on the pid, process name, and arguments of such programs.

References

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