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Subvert Trust Controls:  Подпись исполняемого кода

ID Название
.001 Обход Gatekeeper
.002 Подпись исполняемого кода
.003 Подмена поставщика доверия и SIP
.004 Установка корневого сертификата
.005 Mark-of-the-Web (MOTW)
.006 Изменение политики подписи кода

Adversaries may create, acquire, or steal code signing materials to sign their malware or tools. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a binary from the developer and a guarantee that the binary has not been tampered with. (Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing) The certificates used during an operation may be created, acquired, or stolen by the adversary. (Citation: Securelist Digital Certificates) (Citation: Symantec Digital Certificates) Unlike Invalid Code Signature, this activity will result in a valid signature. Code signing to verify software on first run can be used on modern Windows and macOS systems. It is not used on Linux due to the decentralized nature of the platform. (Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing)(Citation: EclecticLightChecksonEXECodeSigning) Code signing certificates may be used to bypass security policies that require signed code to execute on a system.

ID: T1553.002
Относится к технике:  T1553
Тактика(-и): Defense Evasion
Платформы: macOS, Windows
Источники данных: File: File Metadata
Версия: 1.1
Дата создания: 05 Feb 2020
Последнее изменение: 22 Sep 2022

Примеры процедур
Название Описание
Cobalt Strike

Cobalt Strike can use self signed Java applets to execute signed applet attacks.(Citation: Talos Cobalt Strike September 2020)(Citation: Cobalt Strike Manual 4.3 November 2020)
BackConfig

BackConfig has been signed with self signed digital certificates mimicking a legitimate software company.(Citation: Unit 42 BackConfig May 2020)
FIN7

FIN7 has signed Carbanak payloads with legally purchased code signing certificates. FIN7 has also digitally signed their phishing documents, backdoors and other staging tools to bypass security controls.(Citation: FireEye CARBANAK June 2017)(Citation: FireEye FIN7 Aug 2018)
Scattered Spider

Scattered Spider has used self-signed and stolen certificates originally issued to NVIDIA and Global Software LLC.(Citation: CrowdStrike Scattered Spider BYOVD January 2023)
Daserf

Some Daserf samples were signed with a stolen digital certificate.(Citation: Symantec Tick Apr 2016)
Patchwork

Patchwork has signed malware with self-signed certificates from fictitious and spoofed legitimate software companies.(Citation: Unit 42 BackConfig May 2020)
HermeticWizard

HermeticWizard has been signed by valid certificates assigned to Hermetica Digital.(Citation: ESET Hermetic Wizard March 2022)
Kimsuky

Kimsuky has signed files with the name EGIS CO,. Ltd..(Citation: ThreatConnect Kimsuky September 2020)
Helminth

Helminth samples have been signed with legitimate, compromised code signing certificates owned by software company AI Squared.(Citation: ClearSky OilRig Jan 2017)
Black Basta

The Black Basta dropper has been digitally signed with a certificate issued by Akeo Consulting for legitimate executables used for creating bootable USB drives.(Citation: Check Point Black Basta October 2022)
MacMa

MacMa has been delivered using ad hoc Apple Developer code signing certificates.(Citation: SentinelOne Macma 2021)
GALLIUM

GALLIUM has used stolen certificates to sign its tools including those from Whizzimo LLC.(Citation: Microsoft GALLIUM December 2019)
Saint Bear

Saint Bear has used an initial loader malware featuring a legitimate code signing certificate associated with "Electrum Technologies GmbH."(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 OutSteel SaintBot February 2022 )
APT41

APT41 leveraged code-signing certificates to sign malware when targeting both gaming and non-gaming organizations.(Citation: FireEye APT41 Aug 2019)(Citation: Group IB APT 41 June 2021)

For C0015, the threat actors used DLL files that had invalid certificates.(Citation: DFIR Conti Bazar Nov 2021)
Molerats

Molerats has used forged Microsoft code-signing certificates on malware.(Citation: FireEye Operation Molerats)
SysUpdate

SysUpdate has been signed with stolen digital certificates.(Citation: Lunghi Iron Tiger Linux)
HermeticWiper

The HermeticWiper executable has been signed with a legitimate certificate issued to Hermetica Digital Ltd.(Citation: Symantec Ukraine Wipers February 2022)(Citation: Crowdstrike DriveSlayer February 2022)(Citation: ESET Hermetic Wiper February 2022)(Citation: Qualys Hermetic Wiper March 2022)
GreyEnergy

GreyEnergy digitally signs the malware with a code-signing certificate.(Citation: ESET GreyEnergy Oct 2018)
BLINDINGCAN

BLINDINGCAN has been signed with code-signing certificates such as CodeRipper.(Citation: US-CERT BLINDINGCAN Aug 2020)
ROADSWEEP

ROADSWEEP has been digitally signed with a certificate issued to the Kuwait Telecommunications Company KSC.(Citation: CISA Iran Albanian Attacks September 2022)
Nerex

Nerex drops a signed Microsoft DLL to disk.(Citation: Symantec Nerex May 2012)
UNC2452

UNC2452 was able to get SUNBURST signed by SolarWinds code signing certificates by injecting the malware into the SolarWinds Orion software lifecycle.(Citation: FireEye SUNBURST Backdoor December 2020)
AppleJeus

AppleJeus has used a valid digital signature from Sectigo to appear legitimate.(Citation: CISA AppleJeus Feb 2021)

During Operation Honeybee, the threat actors deployed the MaoCheng dropper with a stolen Adobe Systems digital signature.(Citation: McAfee Honeybee)
ZeroCleare

ZeroCleare can deploy a vulnerable, signed driver on a compromised host to bypass operating system safeguards.(Citation: IBM ZeroCleare Wiper December 2019)
CSPY Downloader

CSPY Downloader has come signed with revoked certificates.(Citation: Cybereason Kimsuky November 2020)

During Operation Dream Job, Lazarus Group digitally signed their own malware to evade detection.(Citation: ESET Lazarus Jun 2020)
QakBot

QakBot can use signed loaders to evade detection.(Citation: ATT QakBot April 2021)(Citation: Deep Instinct Black Basta August 2022)

Ember Bear

Ember Bear has used stolen certificates from Electrum Technologies GmbH to sign payloads.(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 OutSteel SaintBot February 2022 )
RTM

RTM samples have been signed with a code-signing certificates.(Citation: ESET RTM Feb 2017)
Anchor

Anchor has been signed with valid certificates to evade detection by security tools.(Citation: Cyberreason Anchor December 2019)
Lazarus Group

Lazarus Group has digitally signed malware and utilities to evade detection.(Citation: Lazarus APT January 2022)

During the SolarWinds Compromise, APT29 was able to get SUNBURST signed by SolarWinds code signing certificates by injecting the malware into the SolarWinds Orion software lifecycle.(Citation: FireEye SUNBURST Backdoor December 2020)
Epic

Turla has used valid digital certificates from Sysprint AG to sign its Epic dropper.(Citation: Kaspersky Turla)
Moses Staff

Moses Staff has used signed drivers from an open source tool called DiskCryptor to evade detection.(Citation: Checkpoint MosesStaff Nov 2021)
Silence

Silence has used a valid certificate to sign their primary loader Silence.Downloader (aka TrueBot).(Citation: Group IB Silence Aug 2019)
SUNBURST

SUNBURST was digitally signed by SolarWinds from March - May 2020.(Citation: FireEye SUNBURST Backdoor December 2020)
Wizard Spider

Wizard Spider has used Digicert code-signing certificates for some of its malware.(Citation: DFIR Ryuk 2 Hour Speed Run November 2020)
Leviathan

Leviathan has used stolen code signing certificates to sign malware.(Citation: FireEye Periscope March 2018)(Citation: FireEye APT40 March 2019)
FIN6

FIN6 has used Comodo code-signing certificates.(Citation: Security Intelligence More Eggs Aug 2019)

Clop

Clop can use code signing to evade detection.(Citation: Unit42 Clop April 2021)
menuPass

menuPass has resized and added data to the certificate table to enable the signing of modified files with legitimate signatures.(Citation: Securelist APT10 March 2021)
APT29

APT29 was able to get SUNBURST signed by SolarWinds code signing certificates by injecting the malware into the SolarWinds Orion software lifecycle.(Citation: FireEye SUNBURST Backdoor December 2020)
BOOSTWRITE

BOOSTWRITE has been signed by a valid CA.(Citation: FireEye FIN7 Oct 2019)
Honeybee

Honeybee uses a dropper called MaoCheng that harvests a stolen digital signature from Adobe Systems.(Citation: McAfee Honeybee)
PROMETHIUM

PROMETHIUM has signed code with self-signed certificates.(Citation: Bitdefender StrongPity June 2020)
Darkhotel

Darkhotel has used code-signing certificates on its malware that are either forged due to weak keys or stolen. Darkhotel has also stolen certificates and signed backdoors and downloaders with them.(Citation: Kaspersky Darkhotel)(Citation: Securelist Darkhotel Aug 2015)
Bazar

Bazar has been signed with fake certificates including those appearing to be from VB CORPORATE PTY. LTD.(Citation: Cybereason Bazar July 2020)
TA505

TA505 has signed payloads with code signing certificates from Thawte and Sectigo.(Citation: Cybereason TA505 April 2019)(Citation: Deep Instinct TA505 Apr 2019)(Citation: Trend Micro TA505 June 2019)
Metamorfo

Metamorfo has digitally signed executables using AVAST Software certificates.(Citation: Medium Metamorfo Apr 2020)

LockerGoga

LockerGoga has been signed with stolen certificates in order to make it look more legitimate.(Citation: Wired Lockergoga 2019)
Gazer

Gazer versions are signed with various valid certificates; one was likely faked and issued by Comodo for "Solid Loop Ltd," and another was issued for "Ultimate Computer Support Ltd."(Citation: ESET Gazer Aug 2017)(Citation: Securelist WhiteBear Aug 2017)
Ecipekac

Ecipekac has used a valid, legitimate digital signature to evade detection.(Citation: Securelist APT10 March 2021)
TrickBot

TrickBot has come with a signed downloader component.(Citation: Cyberreason Anchor December 2019)
More_eggs

More_eggs has used a signed binary shellcode loader and a signed Dynamic Link Library (DLL) to create a reverse shell.(Citation: Security Intelligence More Eggs Aug 2019)
Suckfly

Suckfly has used stolen certificates to sign its malware.(Citation: Symantec Suckfly March 2016)
QuasarRAT

A QuasarRAT .dll file is digitally signed by a certificate from AirVPN.(Citation: Volexity Patchwork June 2018)
Stuxnet

Stuxnet used a digitally signed driver with a compromised Realtek certificate.(Citation: Nicolas Falliere, Liam O Murchu, Eric Chien February 2011)
Daggerfly

Daggerfly has used signed, but not notarized, malicious files for execution in macOS environments.(Citation: ESET EvasivePanda 2024)
Ebury

Ebury has installed a self-signed RPM package mimicking the original system package on RPM based systems.(Citation: ESET Ebury Feb 2014)
SpicyOmelette

SpicyOmelette has been signed with valid digital certificates.(Citation: Secureworks GOLD KINGSWOOD September 2018)
StrongPity

StrongPity has been signed with self-signed certificates.(Citation: Bitdefender StrongPity June 2020)
LuminousMoth

LuminousMoth has signed their malware with a valid digital signature.(Citation: Kaspersky LuminousMoth July 2021)
PipeMon

PipeMon, its installer, and tools are signed with stolen code-signing certificates.(Citation: ESET PipeMon May 2020)
CHIMNEYSWEEP

CHIMNEYSWEEP has been dropped by a self-extracting archive signed with a valid digital certificate.(Citation: Mandiant ROADSWEEP August 2022)
Winnti Group

Winnti Group used stolen certificates to sign its malware.(Citation: Kaspersky Winnti April 2013)
CopyKittens

CopyKittens digitally signed an executable with a stolen certificate from legitimate company AI Squared.(Citation: ClearSky Wilted Tulip July 2017)
Janicab

Janicab used a valid AppleDeveloperID to sign the code to get past security restrictions.(Citation: Janicab)
ChChes

ChChes samples were digitally signed with a certificate originally used by Hacking Team that was later leaked and subsequently revoked.(Citation: Palo Alto menuPass Feb 2017)(Citation: JPCERT ChChes Feb 2017)(Citation: PWC Cloud Hopper Technical Annex April 2017)

APT41 DUST used stolen code signing certificates for DUSTTRAP malware and subsequent payloads.(Citation: Google Cloud APT41 2024)
Bandook

Bandook was signed with valid Certum certificates.(Citation: CheckPoint Bandook Nov 2020)

Обнаружение

Collect and analyze signing certificate metadata on software that executes within the environment to look for unusual certificate characteristics and outliers.

Ссылки

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