Cервис управления информационной безопасностью
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MITRE ATT&CK - Technique External Remote Services
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External Remote Services
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External Remote Services

Adversaries may leverage external-facing remote services to initially access and/or persist within a network. Remote services such as VPNs, Citrix, and other access mechanisms allow users to connect to internal enterprise network resources from external locations. There are often remote service gateways that manage connections and credential authentication for these services. Services such as Windows Remote Management and VNC can also be used externally.(Citation: MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop) Access to Valid Accounts to use the service is often a requirement, which could be obtained through credential pharming or by obtaining the credentials from users after compromising the enterprise network.(Citation: Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging) Access to remote services may be used as a redundant or persistent access mechanism during an operation. Access may also be gained through an exposed service that doesn’t require authentication. In containerized environments, this may include an exposed Docker API, Kubernetes API server, kubelet, or web application such as the Kubernetes dashboard.(Citation: Trend Micro Exposed Docker Server)(Citation: Unit 42 Hildegard Malware)

ID: T1133
Tactic(s): Initial Access, Persistence
Platforms: Containers, Linux, macOS, Windows
Data Sources: Application Log: Application Log Content, Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata, Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation, Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content, Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow
Version: 2.4
Created: 31 May 2017
Last Modified: 16 Jun 2022

Procedure Examples
Name Description
TeamTNT

TeamTNT has used open-source tools such as Weave Scope to target exposed Docker API ports and gain initial access to victim environments.(Citation: Intezer TeamTNT September 2020)(Citation: Cisco Talos Intelligence Group) TeamTNT has also targeted exposed kubelets for Kubernetes environments.(Citation: Unit 42 Hildegard Malware)

During Operation CuckooBees, the threat actors enabled WinRM over HTTP/HTTPS as a backup persistence mechanism using the following command: `cscript //nologo "C:\Windows\System32\winrm.vbs" set winrm/config/service@{EnableCompatibilityHttpsListener="true"}`.(Citation: Cybereason OperationCuckooBees May 2022)
Linux Rabbit

Linux Rabbit attempts to gain access to the server via SSH.(Citation: Anomali Linux Rabbit 2018)

During Night Dragon, threat actors used compromised VPN accounts to gain access to victim systems.(Citation: McAfee Night Dragon)
APT18

APT18 actors leverage legitimate credentials to log into external remote services.(Citation: RSA2017 Detect and Respond Adair)
TEMP.Veles

TEMP.Veles has used a VPN to persist in the victim environment.(Citation: FireEye TRITON 2019)
Sandworm Team

Sandworm Team has used Dropbear SSH with a hardcoded backdoor password to maintain persistence within the target network. Sandworm Team has also used VPN tunnels established in legitimate software company infrastructure to gain access to internal networks of that software company's users.(Citation: ESET BlackEnergy Jan 2016)(Citation: ESET Telebots June 2017)(Citation: ANSSI Sandworm January 2021)
Night Dragon

Night Dragon has used compromised VPN accounts to gain access to victim systems.(Citation: McAfee Night Dragon)
Hildegard

Hildegard was executed through an unsecure kubelet that allowed anonymous access to the victim environment.(Citation: Unit 42 Hildegard Malware)
APT41

APT41 compromised an online billing/payment service using VPN access between a third-party service provider and the targeted payment service.(Citation: FireEye APT41 Aug 2019)

LAPSUS$

LAPSUS$ has gained access to internet-facing systems and applications, including virtual private network (VPN), remote desktop protocol (RDP), and virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) including Citrix. (Citation: MSTIC DEV-0537 Mar 2022)
OilRig

OilRig uses remote services such as VPN, Citrix, or OWA to persist in an environment.(Citation: FireEye APT34 Webinar Dec 2017)
GALLIUM

GALLIUM has used VPN services, including SoftEther VPN, to access and maintain persistence in victim environments.(Citation: Cybereason Soft Cell June 2019)(Citation: Microsoft GALLIUM December 2019)
Ke3chang

Ke3chang has gained access through VPNs including with compromised accounts and stolen VPN certificates.(Citation: NCC Group APT15 Alive and Strong)(Citation: Microsoft NICKEL December 2021)
Wizard Spider

Wizard Spider has accessed victim networks by using stolen credentials to access the corporate VPN infrastructure.(Citation: FireEye KEGTAP SINGLEMALT October 2020)
APT29

APT29 has used compromised identities to access networks via SSH, VPNs, and other remote access tools.(Citation: MSTIC NOBELIUM Mar 2021)(Citation: NCSC APT29 July 2020)(Citation: CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022)

During CostaRicto, the threat actors set up remote tunneling using an SSH tool to maintain access to a compromised environment.(Citation: BlackBerry CostaRicto November 2020)
Kimsuky

Kimsuky has used RDP to establish persistence.(Citation: CISA AA20-301A Kimsuky)
FIN5

FIN5 has used legitimate VPN, Citrix, or VNC credentials to maintain access to a victim environment.(Citation: FireEye Respond Webinar July 2017)(Citation: DarkReading FireEye FIN5 Oct 2015)(Citation: Mandiant FIN5 GrrCON Oct 2016)
Threat Group-3390

Threat Group-3390 actors look for and use VPN profiles during an operation to access the network using external VPN services.(Citation: Dell TG-3390) Threat Group-3390 has also obtained OWA account credentials during intrusions that it subsequently used to attempt to regain access when evicted from a victim network.(Citation: SecureWorks BRONZE UNION June 2017)
Kinsing

Kinsing was executed in an Ubuntu container deployed via an open Docker daemon API.(Citation: Aqua Kinsing April 2020)
GOLD SOUTHFIELD

GOLD SOUTHFIELD has used publicly-accessible RDP and remote management and monitoring (RMM) servers to gain access to victim machines.(Citation: Secureworks REvil September 2019)

Chimera

Chimera has used legitimate credentials to login to an external VPN, Citrix, SSH, and other remote services.(Citation: Cycraft Chimera April 2020)(Citation: NCC Group Chimera January 2021)
Dragonfly

Dragonfly has used VPNs and Outlook Web Access (OWA) to maintain access to victim networks.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-074A)(Citation: CISA AA20-296A Berserk Bear December 2020)
UNC2452

UNC2452 has used compromised identities to access VPNs and remote access tools.(Citation: MSTIC NOBELIUM Mar 2021)
APT28

APT28 has used Tor and a variety of commercial VPN services to route brute force authentication attempts.(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021)

During Operation Wocao, threat actors used stolen credentials to connect to the victim's network via VPN.(Citation: FoxIT Wocao December 2019)
Operation Wocao

Operation Wocao has used stolen credentials to connect to the victim's network via VPN.(Citation: FoxIT Wocao December 2019)
Dragonfly 2.0

Dragonfly 2.0 used VPNs and Outlook Web Access (OWA) to maintain access to victim networks.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-074A)(Citation: US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017)
Doki

Doki was executed through an open Docker daemon API port.(Citation: Intezer Doki July 20)
Leviathan

Leviathan has used external remote services such as virtual private networks (VPN) to gain initial access.(Citation: CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021)

Mitigations
Mitigation Description
Network Segmentation

Architect sections of the network to isolate critical systems, functions, or resources. Use physical and logical segmentation to prevent access to potentially sensitive systems and information. Use a DMZ to contain any internet-facing services that should not be exposed from the internal network. Configure separate virtual private cloud (VPC) instances to isolate critical cloud systems.
Disable or Remove Feature or Program

Remove or deny access to unnecessary and potentially vulnerable software to prevent abuse by adversaries.
Limit Access to Resource Over Network

Prevent access to file shares, remote access to systems, unnecessary services. Mechanisms to limit access may include use of network concentrators, RDP gateways, etc.
External Remote Services Mitigation

Limit access to remote services through centrally managed concentrators such as VPNs and other managed remote access systems. Deny direct remote access to internal systems through the use of network proxies, gateways, and firewalls. Disable or block remotely available services such as Windows Remote Management. Use strong two-factor or multi-factor authentication for remote service accounts to mitigate an adversary's ability to leverage stolen credentials, but be aware of Multi-Factor Authentication Interception techniques for some two-factor authentication implementations.
Multi-factor Authentication

Use two or more pieces of evidence to authenticate to a system; such as username and password in addition to a token from a physical smart card or token generator.

Detection

Follow best practices for detecting adversary use of Valid Accounts for authenticating to remote services. Collect authentication logs and analyze for unusual access patterns, windows of activity, and access outside of normal business hours. When authentication is not required to access an exposed remote service, monitor for follow-on activities such as anomalous external use of the exposed API or application.

References

  1. McAfee® Foundstone® Professional Services and McAfee Labs™. (2011, February 10). Global Energy Cyberattacks: “Night Dragon”. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  2. Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China’s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  3. US-CERT. (2017, October 20). Alert (TA17-293A): Advanced Persistent Threat Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  4. US-CERT. (2018, March 16). Alert (TA18-074A): Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  5. Remillano II, A., et al. (2020, June 20). XORDDoS, Kaiji Variants Target Exposed Docker Servers. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  6. Chen, J. et al. (2021, February 3). Hildegard: New TeamTNT Cryptojacking Malware Targeting Kubernetes. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  7. Apple Support. (n.d.). Set up a computer running VNC software for Remote Desktop. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
  8. Adair, S. (2015, October 7). Virtual Private Keylogging: Cisco Web VPNs Leveraged for Access and Persistence. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  9. Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, June 27). BRONZE UNION Cyberespionage Persists Despite Disclosures. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
  10. Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, August 5). Threat Group-3390 Targets Organizations for Cyberespionage. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  11. Adair, S. (2017, February 17). Detecting and Responding to Advanced Threats within Exchange Environments. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  12. The BlackBerry Research and Intelligence Team. (2020, November 12). The CostaRicto Campaign: Cyber-Espionage Outsourced. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
  13. CISA. (2021, July 19). (AA21-200A) Joint Cybersecurity Advisory – Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures of Indicted APT40 Actors Associated with China’s MSS Hainan State Security Department. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
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  16. NSA, CISA, FBI, NCSC. (2021, July). Russian GRU Conducting Global Brute Force Campaign to Compromise Enterprise and Cloud Environments. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
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  18. CrowdStrike. (2022, January 27). Early Bird Catches the Wormhole: Observations from the StellarParticle Campaign. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
  19. National Cyber Security Centre. (2020, July 16). Advisory: APT29 targets COVID-19 vaccine development. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  20. Nafisi, R., Lelli, A. (2021, March 4). GoldMax, GoldFinder, and Sibot: Analyzing NOBELIUM’s layered persistence. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
  21. ANSSI. (2021, January 27). SANDWORM INTRUSION SET CAMPAIGN TARGETING CENTREON SYSTEMS. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  22. Cherepanov, A.. (2017, June 30). TeleBots are back: Supply chain attacks against Ukraine. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  23. Cherepanov, A.. (2016, January 3). BlackEnergy by the SSHBearDoor: attacks against Ukrainian news media and electric industry . Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  24. Kimberly Goody, Jeremy Kennelly, Joshua Shilko, Steve Elovitz, Douglas Bienstock. (2020, October 28). Unhappy Hour Special: KEGTAP and SINGLEMALT With a Ransomware Chaser. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  25. Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China’s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  26. MSTIC. (2019, December 12). GALLIUM: Targeting global telecom. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
  27. Cybereason Nocturnus. (2019, June 25). Operation Soft Cell: A Worldwide Campaign Against Telecommunications Providers. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
  28. MSTIC. (2021, December 6). NICKEL targeting government organizations across Latin America and Europe. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
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  32. Fishbein, N., Kajiloti, M.. (2020, July 28). Watch Your Containers: Doki Infecting Docker Servers in the Cloud. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  33. CISA, FBI, CNMF. (2020, October 27). https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-301a. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
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  35. Cybereason Nocturnus. (2022, May 4). Operation CuckooBees: Deep-Dive into Stealthy Winnti Techniques. Retrieved September 22, 2022.
  36. Anomali Labs. (2018, December 6). Pulling Linux Rabbit/Rabbot Malware Out of a Hat. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
  37. CISA. (2020, December 1). Russian State-Sponsored Advanced Persistent Threat Actor Compromises U.S. Government Targets. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
  38. Fraser, N., et al. (2019, August 7). Double DragonAPT41, a dual espionage and cyber crime operation APT41. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
  39. Davis, S. and Caban, D. (2017, December 19). APT34 - New Targeted Attack in the Middle East. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
  40. MSTIC, DART, M365 Defender. (2022, March 24). DEV-0537 Criminal Actor Targeting Organizations for Data Exfiltration and Destruction. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  41. Bromiley, M. and Lewis, P. (2016, October 7). Attacking the Hospitality and Gaming Industries: Tracking an Attacker Around the World in 7 Years. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
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  43. Scavella, T. and Rifki, A. (2017, July 20). Are you Ready to Respond? (Webinar). Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  44. Fishbein, N. (2020, September 8). Attackers Abusing Legitimate Cloud Monitoring Tools to Conduct Cyber Attacks. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
  45. Darin Smith. (2022, April 21). TeamTNT targeting AWS, Alibaba. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
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