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SECURITM это SGRC система, автоматизирующая процессы в службах информационной безопасности. SECURITM помогает построить и управлять ИСПДн, КИИ, ГИС, СМИБ/СУИБ, банковскими системами защиты.
А еще SECURITM это место для обмена опытом и наработками для служб безопасности.

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Теневая (drive-by) загрузка

Adversaries may gain access to a system through a user visiting a website over the normal course of browsing. Multiple ways of delivering exploit code to a browser exist (i.e., Drive-by Target), including: * A legitimate website is compromised, allowing adversaries to inject malicious code * Script files served to a legitimate website from a publicly writeable cloud storage bucket are modified by an adversary * Malicious ads are paid for and served through legitimate ad providers (i.e., Malvertising) * Built-in web application interfaces that allow user-controllable content are leveraged for the insertion of malicious scripts or iFrames (e.g., cross-site scripting) Browser push notifications may also be abused by adversaries and leveraged for malicious code injection via User Execution. By clicking "allow" on browser push notifications, users may be granting a website permission to run JavaScript code on their browser.(Citation: Push notifications - viruspositive)(Citation: push notification -mcafee)(Citation: push notifications - malwarebytes) Often the website used by an adversary is one visited by a specific community, such as government, a particular industry, or a particular region, where the goal is to compromise a specific user or set of users based on a shared interest. This kind of targeted campaign is often referred to a strategic web compromise or watering hole attack. There are several known examples of this occurring.(Citation: Shadowserver Strategic Web Compromise) Typical drive-by compromise process: 1. A user visits a website that is used to host the adversary controlled content. 2. Scripts automatically execute, typically searching versions of the browser and plugins for a potentially vulnerable version. The user may be required to assist in this process by enabling scripting, notifications, or active website components and ignoring warning dialog boxes. 3. Upon finding a vulnerable version, exploit code is delivered to the browser. 4. If exploitation is successful, the adversary will gain code execution on the user's system unless other protections are in place. In some cases, a second visit to the website after the initial scan is required before exploit code is delivered. Unlike Exploit Public-Facing Application, the focus of this technique is to exploit software on a client endpoint upon visiting a website. This will commonly give an adversary access to systems on the internal network instead of external systems that may be in a DMZ.

ID: T1189

Тактика(-и): Initial Access

Платформы: Identity Provider, Linux, macOS, Windows

Источники данных: Application Log: Application Log Content, File: File Creation, Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation, Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content, Process: Process Creation

Версия: 1.7

Дата создания: 18 Apr 2018

Последнее изменение: 15 Apr 2025

Название	Описание
Примеры процедур
Transparent Tribe	Transparent Tribe has used websites with malicious hyperlinks and iframes to infect targeted victims with Crimson, njRAT, and other malicious tools.(Citation: Proofpoint Operation Transparent Tribe March 2016)(Citation: Unit 42 ProjectM March 2016)(Citation: Talos Transparent Tribe May 2021)
RTM	RTM has distributed its malware via the RIG and SUNDOWN exploit kits, as well as online advertising network `Yandex.Direct`.(Citation: ESET RTM Feb 2017)(Citation: ESET Buhtrap and Buran April 2019)
PLATINUM	PLATINUM has sometimes used drive-by attacks against vulnerable browser plugins.(Citation: Microsoft PLATINUM April 2016)
Windshift	Windshift has used compromised websites to register custom URL schemes on a remote system.(Citation: objective-see windtail1 dec 2018)
KARAE	KARAE was distributed through torrent file-sharing websites to South Korean victims, using a YouTube video downloader application as a lure.(Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)
IcedID	IcedID has cloned legitimate websites/applications to distribute the malware.(Citation: Trendmicro_IcedID)
Earth Lusca	Earth Lusca has performed watering hole attacks.(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022)
APT38	APT38 has conducted watering holes schemes to gain initial access to victims.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: CISA AA20-239A BeagleBoyz August 2020)
Bundlore	Bundlore has been spread through malicious advertisements on websites.(Citation: MacKeeper Bundlore Apr 2019)
Axiom	Axiom has used watering hole attacks to gain access.(Citation: Cisco Group 72)
APT19	APT19 performed a watering hole attack on forbes.com in 2014 to compromise targets.(Citation: Unit 42 C0d0so0 Jan 2016)
Darkhotel	Darkhotel used embedded iframes on hotel login portals to redirect selected victims to download malware.(Citation: Kaspersky Darkhotel)
Andariel	Andariel has used watering hole attacks, often with zero-day exploits, to gain initial access to victims within a specific IP range.(Citation: AhnLab Andariel Subgroup of Lazarus June 2018)(Citation: TrendMicro New Andariel Tactics July 2018)
APT28	APT28 has compromised targets via strategic web compromise utilizing custom exploit kits.(Citation: Secureworks IRON TWILIGHT Active Measures March 2017) APT28 used reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) against government websites to redirect users to phishing webpages.(Citation: Leonard TAG 2023)
Dragonfly	Dragonfly has compromised targets via strategic web compromise (SWC) utilizing a custom exploit kit.(Citation: Secureworks IRON LIBERTY July 2019)(Citation: US-CERT TA18-074A)(Citation: Gigamon Berserk Bear October 2021)
Bad Rabbit	Bad Rabbit spread through watering holes on popular sites by injecting JavaScript into the HTML body or a `.js` file.(Citation: ESET Bad Rabbit)(Citation: Secure List Bad Rabbit)
Dark Caracal	Dark Caracal leveraged a watering hole to serve up malicious code.(Citation: Lookout Dark Caracal Jan 2018)
Turla	Turla has infected victims using watering holes.(Citation: ESET ComRAT May 2020)(Citation: Secureworks IRON HUNTER Profile)
Patchwork	Patchwork has used watering holes to deliver files with exploits to initial victims.(Citation: Symantec Patchwork)(Citation: Volexity Patchwork June 2018)
Leviathan	Leviathan has infected victims using watering holes.(Citation: CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021)
APT32	APT32 has infected victims by tricking them into visiting compromised watering hole websites.(Citation: ESET OceanLotus)(Citation: Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020)
BRONZE BUTLER	BRONZE BUTLER compromised three Japanese websites using a Flash exploit to perform watering hole attacks.(Citation: Symantec Tick Apr 2016)
	During Operation Dust Storm, the threat actors used a watering hole attack on a popular software reseller to exploit the then-zero-day Internet Explorer vulnerability CVE-2014-0322.(Citation: Cylance Dust Storm)
Lazarus Group	Lazarus Group delivered RATANKBA and other malicious code to victims via a compromised legitimate website.(Citation: RATANKBA)(Citation: Google TAG Lazarus Jan 2021)
Threat Group-3390	Threat Group-3390 has extensively used strategic web compromises to target victims.(Citation: Dell TG-3390)(Citation: Securelist LuckyMouse June 2018)
	During C0010, UNC3890 actors likely established a watering hole that was hosted on a login page of a legitimate Israeli shipping company that was active until at least November 2021.(Citation: Mandiant UNC3890 Aug 2022)
LoudMiner	LoudMiner is typically bundled with pirated copies of Virtual Studio Technology (VST) for Windows and macOS.(Citation: ESET LoudMiner June 2019)
Winter Vivern	Winter Vivern created dedicated web pages mimicking legitimate government websites to deliver malicious fake anti-virus software.(Citation: CERT-UA WinterVivern 2023)
SocGholish	SocGholish has been distributed through compromised websites with malicious content often masquerading as browser updates.(Citation: SocGholish-update)
Elderwood	Elderwood has delivered zero-day exploits and malware to victims by injecting malicious code into specific public Web pages visited by targets within a particular sector.(Citation: Symantec Elderwood Sept 2012)(Citation: CSM Elderwood Sept 2012)(Citation: Security Affairs Elderwood Sept 2012)
REvil	REvil has infected victim machines through compromised websites and exploit kits.(Citation: Secureworks REvil September 2019)(Citation: McAfee Sodinokibi October 2019)(Citation: Picus Sodinokibi January 2020)(Citation: Secureworks GandCrab and REvil September 2019)
Mustard Tempest	Mustard Tempest has used drive-by downloads for initial infection, often using fake browser updates as a lure.(Citation: SocGholish-update)(Citation: SentinelOne SocGholish Infrastructure November 2022)(Citation: Red Canary SocGholish March 2024)(Citation: Secureworks Gold Prelude Profile)
APT37	APT37 has used strategic web compromises, particularly of South Korean websites, to distribute malware. The group has also used torrent file-sharing sites to more indiscriminately disseminate malware to victims. As part of their compromises, the group has used a Javascript based profiler called RICECURRY to profile a victim's web browser and deliver malicious code accordingly.(Citation: Securelist ScarCruft Jun 2016)(Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)(Citation: Volexity InkySquid BLUELIGHT August 2021)
Leafminer	Leafminer has infected victims using watering holes.(Citation: Symantec Leafminer July 2018)
Grandoreiro	Grandoreiro has used compromised websites and Google Ads to bait victims into downloading its installer.(Citation: Securelist Brazilian Banking Malware July 2020)(Citation: IBM Grandoreiro April 2020)
Machete	Machete has distributed Machete through a fake blog website.(Citation: Securelist Machete Aug 2014)
CURIUM	CURIUM has used strategic website compromise to infect victims with malware such as IMAPLoader.(Citation: PWC Yellow Liderc 2023)
Snip3	Snip3 has been delivered to targets via downloads from malicious domains.(Citation: Telefonica Snip3 December 2021)
Daggerfly	Daggerfly has used strategic website compromise for initial access against victims.(Citation: ESET EvasivePanda 2024)
PROMETHIUM	PROMETHIUM has used watering hole attacks to deliver malicious versions of legitimate installers.(Citation: Bitdefender StrongPity June 2020)
POORAIM	POORAIM has been delivered through compromised sites acting as watering holes.(Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)
Windigo	Windigo has distributed Windows malware via drive-by downloads.(Citation: ESET Windigo Mar 2014)
Dragonfly 2.0	Dragonfly 2.0 compromised legitimate organizations' websites to create watering holes to compromise victims.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-074A)
Magic Hound	Magic Hound has conducted watering-hole attacks through media and magazine websites.(Citation: ClearSky Kittens Back 3 August 2020)

Контрмера	Описание
Контрмеры
Exploit Protection	Deploy capabilities that detect, block, and mitigate conditions indicative of software exploits. These capabilities aim to prevent exploitation by addressing vulnerabilities, monitoring anomalous behaviors, and applying exploit-mitigation techniques to harden systems and software. Operating System Exploit Protections: - Use Case: Enable built-in exploit protection features provided by modern operating systems, such as Microsoft's Exploit Protection, which includes techniques like Data Execution Prevention (DEP), Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR), and Control Flow Guard (CFG). - Implementation: Enforce DEP for all programs and enable ASLR to randomize memory addresses used by system and application processes. Windows: Configure Exploit Protection through the Windows Security app or deploy settings via Group Policy. `ExploitProtectionExportSettings.exe -path "exploit_settings.xml"` Linux: Use Kernel-level hardening features like SELinux, AppArmor, or GRSEC to enforce memory protections and prevent exploits. Third-Party Endpoint Security: - Use Case: Use endpoint protection tools with built-in exploit protection, such as enhanced memory protection, behavior monitoring, and real-time exploit detection. - Implementation: Deploy tools to detect and block exploitation attempts targeting unpatched software. Virtual Patching: - Use Case: Use tools to implement virtual patches that mitigate vulnerabilities in applications or operating systems until official patches are applied. - Implementation: Use Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) to block exploitation attempts on known vulnerabilities in outdated applications. Hardening Application Configurations: - Use Case: Disable risky application features that can be exploited, such as macros in Microsoft Office or JScript in Internet Explorer. - Implementation: Configure Microsoft Office Group Policies to disable execution of macros in downloaded files.
Update Software	Software updates ensure systems are protected against known vulnerabilities by applying patches and upgrades provided by vendors. Regular updates reduce the attack surface and prevent adversaries from exploiting known security gaps. This includes patching operating systems, applications, drivers, and firmware. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures: Regular Operating System Updates - Implementation: Apply the latest Windows security updates monthly using WSUS (Windows Server Update Services) or a similar patch management solution. Configure systems to check for updates automatically and schedule reboots during maintenance windows. - Use Case: Prevents exploitation of OS vulnerabilities such as privilege escalation or remote code execution. Application Patching - Implementation: Monitor Apache's update release notes for security patches addressing vulnerabilities. Schedule updates for off-peak hours to avoid downtime while maintaining security compliance. - Use Case: Prevents exploitation of web application vulnerabilities, such as those leading to unauthorized access or data breaches. Firmware Updates - Implementation: Regularly check the vendor’s website for firmware updates addressing vulnerabilities. Plan for update deployment during scheduled maintenance to minimize business disruption. - Use Case: Protects against vulnerabilities that adversaries could exploit to gain access to network devices or inject malicious traffic. Emergency Patch Deployment - Implementation: Use the emergency patch deployment feature of the organization's patch management tool to apply updates to all affected Exchange servers within 24 hours. - Use Case: Reduces the risk of exploitation by rapidly addressing critical vulnerabilities. Centralized Patch Management - Implementation: Implement a centralized patch management system, such as SCCM or ManageEngine, to automate and track patch deployment across all environments. Generate regular compliance reports to ensure all systems are updated. - Use Case: Streamlines patching processes and ensures no critical systems are missed. Tools for Implementation Patch Management Tools: - WSUS: Manage and deploy Microsoft updates across the organization. - ManageEngine Patch Manager Plus: Automate patch deployment for OS and third-party apps. - Ansible: Automate updates across multiple platforms, including Linux and Windows. Vulnerability Scanning Tools: - OpenVAS: Open-source vulnerability scanning to identify missing patches.
Application Isolation and Sandboxing	Application Isolation and Sandboxing refers to the technique of restricting the execution of code to a controlled and isolated environment (e.g., a virtual environment, container, or sandbox). This method prevents potentially malicious code from affecting the rest of the system or network by limiting access to sensitive resources and critical operations. The goal is to contain threats and minimize their impact. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures: Browser Sandboxing: - Use Case: Implement browser sandboxing to isolate untrusted web content, preventing malicious web pages or scripts from accessing sensitive system files. - Implementation: Use tools like Google Chrome's built-in sandbox or deploy solutions like Bromium to secure user web interactions. Application Virtualization: - Use Case: Deploy critical or high-risk applications in a virtualized environment to ensure any compromise does not affect the host system. - Implementation: Use application virtualization platforms to run applications in isolated environments. Email Attachment Sandboxing: - Use Case: Route email attachments to a sandbox environment to detect and block malware before delivering emails to end-users. - Implementation: Integrate security solutions with sandbox capabilities to analyze email attachments. Endpoint Sandboxing: - Use Case: Run all downloaded files and applications in a restricted environment to monitor their behavior for malicious activity. - Implementation: Use endpoint protection tools for sandboxing at the endpoint level.
Restrict Web-Based Content	Restricting web-based content involves enforcing policies and technologies that limit access to potentially malicious websites, unsafe downloads, and unauthorized browser behaviors. This can include URL filtering, download restrictions, script blocking, and extension control to protect against exploitation, phishing, and malware delivery. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures: Deploy Web Proxy Filtering: - Use solutions to filter web traffic based on categories, reputation, and content types. - Enforce policies that block unsafe websites or file types at the gateway level. Enable DNS-Based Filtering: - Implement tools to restrict access to domains associated with malware or phishing campaigns. - Use public DNS filtering services to enhance protection. Enforce Content Security Policies (CSP): - Configure CSP headers on internal and external web applications to restrict script execution, iframe embedding, and cross-origin requests. Control Browser Features: - Disable unapproved browser features like automatic downloads, developer tools, or unsafe scripting. - Enforce policies through tools like Group Policy Management to control browser settings. Monitor and Alert on Web-Based Threats: - Use SIEM tools to collect and analyze web proxy logs for signs of anomalous or malicious activity. - Configure alerts for access attempts to blocked domains or repeated file download failures.
User Training	User Training involves educating employees and contractors on recognizing, reporting, and preventing cyber threats that rely on human interaction, such as phishing, social engineering, and other manipulative techniques. Comprehensive training programs create a human firewall by empowering users to be an active component of the organization's cybersecurity defenses. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures: Create Comprehensive Training Programs: - Design training modules tailored to the organization's risk profile, covering topics such as phishing, password management, and incident reporting. - Provide role-specific training for high-risk employees, such as helpdesk staff or executives. Use Simulated Exercises: - Conduct phishing simulations to measure user susceptibility and provide targeted follow-up training. - Run social engineering drills to evaluate employee responses and reinforce protocols. Leverage Gamification and Engagement: - Introduce interactive learning methods such as quizzes, gamified challenges, and rewards for successful detection and reporting of threats. Incorporate Security Policies into Onboarding: - Include cybersecurity training as part of the onboarding process for new employees. - Provide easy-to-understand materials outlining acceptable use policies and reporting procedures. Regular Refresher Courses: - Update training materials to include emerging threats and techniques used by adversaries. - Ensure all employees complete periodic refresher courses to stay informed. Emphasize Real-World Scenarios: - Use case studies of recent attacks to demonstrate the consequences of successful phishing or social engineering. - Discuss how specific employee actions can prevent or mitigate such attacks.
Drive-by Compromise Mitigation	Drive-by compromise relies on there being a vulnerable piece of software on the client end systems. Use modern browsers with security features turned on. Ensure all browsers and plugins kept updated can help prevent the exploit phase of this technique. For malicious code served up through ads, adblockers can help prevent that code from executing in the first place. Script blocking extensions can help prevent the execution of JavaScript that may commonly be used during the exploitation process. Browser sandboxes can be used to mitigate some of the impact of exploitation, but sandbox escapes may still exist. (Citation: Windows Blogs Microsoft Edge Sandbox) (Citation: Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape) Other types of virtualization and application microsegmentation may also mitigate the impact of client-side exploitation. The risks of additional exploits and weaknesses in implementation may still exist. (Citation: Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape) Security applications that look for behavior used during exploitation such as Windows Defender Exploit Guard (WDEG) and the Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET) can be used to mitigate some exploitation behavior. (Citation: TechNet Moving Beyond EMET) Control flow integrity checking is another way to potentially identify and stop a software exploit from occurring. (Citation: Wikipedia Control Flow Integrity) Many of these protections depend on the architecture and target application binary for compatibility.

Обнаружение

Firewalls and proxies can inspect URLs for potentially known-bad domains or parameters. They can also do reputation-based analytics on websites and their requested resources such as how old a domain is, who it's registered to, if it's on a known bad list, or how many other users have connected to it before. Network intrusion detection systems, sometimes with SSL/TLS inspection, can be used to look for known malicious scripts (recon, heap spray, and browser identification scripts have been frequently reused), common script obfuscation, and exploit code. Detecting compromise based on the drive-by exploit from a legitimate website may be difficult. Also look for behavior on the endpoint system that might indicate successful compromise, such as abnormal behavior of browser processes. This could include suspicious files written to disk, evidence of Process Injection for attempts to hide execution, evidence of Discovery, or other unusual network traffic that may indicate additional tools transferred to the system.

Ссылки

Связанные риски

Риск	Связи
Заражение вредоносным программным обеспечением из-за возможности посещения зараженного (вредоносного) сайта в сети Интернет у работника Доступность Конфиденциальность Отказ в обслуживании Повышение привилегий Раскрытие информации Целостность Искажение	1

Каталоги

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Теневая (drive-by) загрузка

Примеры процедур

Контрмеры

Обнаружение

Ссылки

Связанные риски

Каталоги